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致命事故预防审核

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致命事故预防审核
(FPA)
 西子奥的斯

备注：1
目前导致致命事故的四个主要因素
3.  危险能源控制
1.  坠落保护
2.  电梯控制
4.  高危险操作
上下轿顶
进出底坑
坠落保护
挂牌上锁
液压梯工作
起重吊装作业脚手架作业
使用短接线
备注：2
备注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
Based on Otis fatality incident data.

FPA focuses on the above work activities
FPA 审核文件要求
1.WWJSSS?$
基础
2.FPA审核标准?$
3.审核标准催$
坠落保护
上下轿顶
进出底坑
零能量状态、挂牌上锁
液压梯工作
起重吊装作业
脚手架作业
使用短接线
临时轿箱
备注：3
备注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
 In 1853, Elisha Graves Otis demonstrated his Safety Elevator at the New York Crystal Palace exhibition.  He had himself hoisted up on the platform, in full view of alarmed spectators and delighted journalists, and promptly cut the suspension cord.  Nothing happened; the rack and pinion safety lock had worked and he pronounced to the crowd....(Click button to scroll in quote)

“All Safe, Gentlemen”

The first passenger elevator was installed in E.V. Haughwout and Co.’s store on Broadway in 1857.

One could argue that the invention of this simple safety device gave birth to modern day skyscrapers.

What does Otis Elevator look like today?  (next slide)
坠落保护
秋天保护
备注：4
备注：TRAINER GUIDELINES

原则：
					
所有在 2 米以上工作且有坠落危险的员工都应使用坠落保护设备。

在轿顶、临时电梯和脚手架上工作时，当工作平台的边缘某一处与井道壁之间的距离在 300 毫米以上时就存在危险。

另外，如果在其它机器或运动设备上工作时也会存在坠落危险。
备注：5
备注：TRAINER GUIDELINES 
Reference:-
 WWJSSS 4.3

三个最基本的坠落保护设施是：
 防护栏 -  这是坠落保护的最基本方法
 坠落限制系统
 坠落阻止系统
备注：6
备注：TRAINER GUIDELINES 
Reference:-
 WWJSSS 4.3

防护栏必须满足下列条件：
 顶部护栏的高度为 900- 1120 毫米
 中间护栏的高度为 450- 560 毫米
 安全防护栏同其它井道物体之间保持距离至少为 100 毫米
 护栏应有足够的强度（可承受 90 公斤的外力）
备注：7
备注：TRAINER GUIDELINES 
Reference:-
 WWJSSS 4.3 Appendix A Response 1

备注：8
备注：TRAINER GUIDELINES 
Reference:-
 WWJSSS 5.4A
Guardrail fixed at entrance
42 inches(1.067mm) high
Mid rail
Toe-board

A1- 有坠落危险时未使用坠落保护
- 超过 300 毫米的空隙
备注：9
备注：TRAINER GUIDELINES 
Reference:-
 WWJSSS 4.3 
Fall Hazard exists when there is a space of 300mm (12in) or more in its least dimension between the edge of the work platform and the hoistway wall.

坠落限制系统（系腰式安全带和短索）用来防止员工到达坠落危险区域，它必须满足下列要求：
 适当的装备（经过认证/状况良好/正确穿戴）
 安全带挂钩（额定承载 200 公斤/无快口）
 短索长度可调（防止员工到达坠落危险区）
备注：10
备注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.3A Response 7
Fall restraint prevents a person from falling.
Example: A body belt , where the length of the body belt keeps the person away from the fall hazard.
坠落限制系统的
正确使用

1.短索可灵活调节（防止员工到达坠落危险区） - A6

2.坠落保护设备已经过认证 - A8

3.短索挂钩点的承载已知 - A11?$?$?$
1
2
3
超过 300 毫米的间隙且没有护栏
备注：11
备注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
Reference :- 
WWJSSS 4.3
坠落阻止系统（全身式安全带，缓冲短索和自锁器）用来阻止员工发生坠落，它必须满足下列要求：
设备必须经过认证，保持良好的状况和正确的使用
生命线悬挂点和/或缓冲短索的承载能力必须是已知的
 （至少 2100 公斤）
缓冲短索不能超过 1.8 米长，并且不能被调节超出这个长度
生命线和短索应防范快口
备注：12
备注： TRAINER GUIDELINES
Reference:-
 WWJSSS 4.3 Appendix A Response 9
合格的坠落保护装备
和正确穿戴

合格证
标牌
自锁装置 - A7
备注：13
备注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.3A Response 9
All connectors (self-locking carabiners, self locking snap hooks) shall be equipped with self closing, self locking gates which remain closed and locked until intentional unlocked and opened for connection or disconnection. They shall be capable of being opened by at 2 least consecutive deliberate actions.
9- 两名员工使用同一条生命线
备注：14
备注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.3C
Only one person is allowed to tie off to the same lifeline.
A14- 	在爬梯的 2 米以上高度工作时，未使用坠落保护
      A15-  在爬梯的 2 米以上工作时，爬梯未固定
备注：15
备注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.3
WWJSSS 5.3C
If a portable ladder is used, it should be placed such that it will not move when in use.

结束坠落保护介绍
备注：16
备注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
Sometimes you will as auditors observe a mechanic struggling to get into his safety harness.
The probability is that he may not always wear his fall protection when it is necesssary.
电梯控制
电梯的控制
FPA- 电梯控制
备注：17
备注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
 在井道内工作的任何时候都必须保持对电梯的完全控制
 这要求员工在进入井道前就对轿厢建立控制，并进行测试和验证其有效性员工必须保持他对轿厢的控制直到离开井道为止。。
备注：18
备注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
Reference :-
WWJSSS 5.2, 5.3
Field Safety Standards Appendix B-3, B-4
进出轿顶
 通路和汽车顶部的出口
必须使用安全的程序以安全进出轿顶

备注：19
备注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 5.2,
Field Safety Standards Appendix B-3

验证回路检验电路
验证层门回路、急停回路和检修回路时应正确操作，并必须符合下面的标准
每次只验证一个回路
   在验证过程中，总是确保你设立一个命令让电梯移动也就是如果回路接通的话，电梯将响应命令并运动。。
备注：20
备注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 5.2A.2
Emergency stop switch, landing lock and inspection switch to be checked independently (one at a time).
Demand (a run command to the elevator):- Should be accomplished by registering car/and or landing calls (dependent upon elevator type).
Do not rely on correction runs, zoning runs, return to lobby floor etc. create the demand. The mechanic should always register car and/or landing calls to register the demand
进入、退出轿顶程序（典型）
测试厅门安全回路
测试急停开关有效
测试检修开关有效
检验共用按钮和下行按钮
按下急停开关，开始轿顶工作
按下急停开关
恢复检修开关
关闭照明开关
恢复急停开关
结束
测试厅门回路
打轿呼
准备工作
备注：21
备注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
Reference WWJSSS 
Field Safety Standards Appendix B-3
Instructor should explain line by line and request verification from class that it is comprehensively understood.
底坑进出程序（不需移动轿厢）
测试厅门安全回路
打轿呼
测试底坑上急停有效
测试底坑下急停有效
按上急停开关，放层门限位器开始底坑工作
开启厅门最大位置
关闭照明开关
恢复上急停开关
结束
准备工作
复位下急停开关
备注：22
备注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
Reference WWJSSS 5.3
Field Safety Standards Appendix B-4
Instructor should explain line by line and request verification from class that it is comprehensively understood
底坑进出程序（需移动轿厢）
乙进入
甲进入
准备工作
甲退出
乙退出
结束
良好的交流和配合
良好的交流和配合
退出时要确保同时
按下两个急停
备注：23
备注：TRAINER GUIDELINES 
Reference WWJSSS 5.3
Field Safety Standards Appendix B-3
Instructor should explain line by line and request verification from class that it is comprehensively understood
 
在底坑工作时，门限位器仍在（应关上门）
备注：24
备注：TRAINER GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 5.4
5.4B. A portable device, fixed in place from within the hoistway, which will restrain a sliding landing door from opening or closing within 3 in. (77 mm) of the closed position.

当员工退出底坑时，他打
开井道门并给他的合作者
指示把电梯开到最底层.(5B)
9
事故案例
不知怎的，当他试图
退出底坑关上门时，他失
了对电梯的控制，而此时
电梯正由他的合作者往下
开动。
10
事故案例
机修工在底坑梯子上，被下降的电梯挤压跌落到底坑内。
11
事故案例
控制高危险能量
危险的精力控制
备注：28
备注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
  在进行任何工作前，必须确定所有潜在的危险能   量，并把它释放到零能源状态
“零能量状态”是指消除或控制了危险能量，使之不再成为一种危险
备注：29
备注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Zero Energy State refers to both Electrical and Mechanical Energy.
所有的设备必须上锁，或有可选的方法使设备处于安全状态，如去除主电源保险丝。
上锁/挂牌
当对设备进行操作而不需要开动设备时，机械设备必须处于零能量状态，并将电源上锁挂牌。
 在测试设备前，必须检验测试设备（万用表）使处于正常
  工作状态
在电源挂锁上牌前必须检查所有的设备使处于零能源状态
备注：30
备注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.4, 4.2.B, 4.4.C
上锁/挂牌要求
   每一位员工必须能够正确进行上锁挂牌操作
   每位员工必须有一套锁具
   每一套锁具只配备一个钥匙注意：备用钥匙和锁具名单应统一存放于。     控制的地方
    如果有超过一个以上员工工作时，每位员工都需上锁挂牌
    每一个标签上必须注明员工的姓名、工作日期和时间
备注：31
备注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.4, 4.2.B

设备不可锁且无其它替代方法  - C3

原野观察
工地发现
备注：32
备注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.4, 4.2.B
Mainline switch is not lockable. Mechanic just placed a label on the switch handle. 
4.2.B.1.	Equipment or circuits that are de-energized shall be rendered inoperative and have locks applied and tags attached at all points where such equipment or circuits can be energized.

多名员工使用自己的锁- C4
	
(对每一个主电源，每一位员工都必须上锁)
工地发现
备注：33
备注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.4

主线，轿箱照明和风扇
上锁挂牌 - C6
工地发现
备注：34
备注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
 WWJSSS 4.4

Picture shows mechanic had LOTO mainline, car and fan circuit breakers.
工作环境中存在不足够的高压保护 - C7
工地发现
备注：35
备注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.2.A.1
Picture shows exposed controller electrical circuits. Mechanic was working in close proximity without taking any precautions to protect himself against the exposure. 
4.2.A.1.	No employee shall be permitted to work in close proximity to any part of an electrical power circuit unless the employee is protected against electric shock by de-energizing the circuit, by guarding it by effective insulation or by using safe electrical working practices.

在带电设备周围使用
金属爬梯 - C8

工地发现
备注：36
备注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.1E
All portable ladders must be constructed of non-conductive material. Portable metal ladders shall not be used

没有使用漏电保护器- C 9
工地发现
备注：37
备注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.2.C, 4.2C Appen.A Response. 2 
4.2.C.Ground-fault circuit interrupters (GFCI’s) shall be used with all portable tools and other electrical devices. All GFCI’s used for the protection of personnel must be rated nominally at 6 mA.
4.2.C Appendix A, Response 2
… when a 6 mA GFCI is not readily available, it is acceptable to use a 10 mA GFCI with double insulated or grounded tools.

员工核实零能量状态 - C11
工地发现
备注：38
备注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.4.A/C
Mechanics having LOTO the mainline switch are verifying at the controller that the mainline power has been disconnected before they start thier work procedure.
 4.4A.  When work is performed on equipment where operation is not required, the machinery must be brought to a Zero Energy State (completely de-energized) and locked and tagged out from its power source(s).

在带电环境中戴
金属手表 - C13
工地发现
备注：39
备注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.2.A
Wearing of any type of conductive jewelry around live electrical equipment represents an electrical hazard.
4.2.A.1.	No employee shall be permitted to work in close proximity to any part of an electrical power circuit unless the employee is protected against electric shock by de-energizing the circuit, by guarding it by effective insulation or by using safe electrical working practices.

员工侧身关掉主电源 - C15
工地发现
备注：40
备注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.2.A.1
 Mechanics have been seriously injured when they have attempted to switch off faulty mainline switches. Standing to the side and facing away from the mainline switch when it is to be turned off, reduces the potential for injury if the switch is faulty. This action has prevented mechanics sustaining serious injuries from faulty mainline switches.
液压电梯:
  移动液压电梯时必须防止以下情形的出现:
维修或安装
在液压系统下工作
在底坑超过 15 分钟的维修工作
    		 (适用于所有的工作和时间)
每位员工必须能正确演示电梯支撑的使用
备注：41
备注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 5.3.D
5.3.D  When working under a hydraulic elevator, the elevator must be landed on a support capable of preventing accidental motion.

使用两种独立的方法来固定轿箱 - C17

(两根吊索)

1
2
工地发现
注意：安全钳必须动作
？
备注：42
备注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.7.G
4.7.G.  Hanging the Car or Counterweight
Two independent means of preventing the car or counterweight from falling must be used (e.g. two slings, two lifting devices or one of each).
Friction Rail Clamp is a device that is attached to the guide rail to create a lifting point. They come in various sizes for different sizes of guide rail.
The clamps and application information are available from the NAA Otis Service Center.
	在更换钢丝绳的程序中，对重支撑装置须有额定的和安全的载荷 - C20
工地发现
备注：43
备注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.7.G
 Mechanics must know the load rating of the Counterweight supports. The load rating should be marked on the support. The mechanic must also know the weight of the counterweight to be supported.
	
在底坑工作时，没有提供头顶保护 - C22
在轿顶上的员工掉下一把铁锤，正
好砸在邻近底坑工作的员工而使其
致死。
备注：44
备注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 5.6.D.3
5.6.D.3.	Adequate overhead protection has to be installed and maintained in place at all times.
The picture above shows  2 mechanics  working at different levels on different elevators in a common hoistway without overhead protection installed. The mechanic in the pit was fatally injured by the hammer dropped by the mechanic on the car top.
	
工地现场材料的储存产生了
不安全的机械能 - C25
机械能
备注：45
备注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 4.1.A
4.1.A. All Otis associates will be trained by knowledgeable personnel on safety procedures and methods of eliminating or minimizing hazardous conditions before performing or directing others to perform work.

其它违反 WWJSSS:
  更换钢丝绳 - 没有使用两种独立的措施来固定轿箱,或去
   除一半以上的曳引绳和没有让安全钳动作 - C18
 员工不知道对重的重量且不知道从何出得知 - C21
备注：46
备注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-
WWJSSS 5.7.E, 4.7.G
5.7.E.  Hanging the Car
1.  Prior to the removal of ropes,
a.  Hang the car in accordance with section 4.7 of this Standard.
b.  The governor must be tripped or the safeties actuated.
2.  No more than one half the number of running ropes shall be removed.

4.7.G. Hanging the Car or Counterweight 
-  Each sling or lifting device shall have a load rating capable of supporting the counterweight or the car plus tools, equipment and employees involved in the car top work activity.
-  All slings must be protected and used in accordance with section 4.7 of this Standard.

没有控制住机械能
员工在储藏室被倒下的门压死
巴西，圣保罗
1999.3.6
备注：47
备注：TRAINERS GUIDELINES
Reference:-

The picture above relates to an employee fatality where the landing doors were not safely secured from falling. The mechanic’s failure to identify the hazardous mechanical energy source, unfortunately cost him his life.

END

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